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Infection & Response Exam Content
What's included
Biology specifications on Infection & Response covers the mechanisms of infectious disease, the pathogens that cause them, and how the body defends itself. It explores different types of pathogens, including bacteria, viruses, fungi, and protists, and how they spread and cause harm. The body’s defense mechanisms, such as the immune response, the role of white blood cells, and the production of antibodies, are also covered. This section includes methods of disease prevention and treatment, such as vaccination, antibiotics, and other medicines. Additionally, students learn about drug discovery, testing, and the importance of addressing antibiotic resistance, providing a broad understanding of how we combat infections and improve health outcomes.
Cell Biology Exam Content
What's included
Biology specifications on Cell Biology covers the fundamental unit of life, examining the structure and function of different cell types, including animal, plant, and bacterial cells. It explores cell specialisation and the adaptations that enable cells to perform specific functions. Key processes such as cell division through mitosis and the importance of stem cells in growth and repair are included. Students learn about cell transport mechanisms like diffusion, osmosis, and active transport, and how these processes allow substances to move in and out of cells. The section also covers microscopy techniques for studying cells, including calculating magnification and understanding the scale of cells, to provide a comprehensive understanding of cellular structure and function.
Inheritance & Evolution Exam Content
What's included
Biology specifications on Evolution and Inheritance covers key concepts of genetic material, including DNA, genes, and chromosomes, and examines both asexual and sexual reproduction. It explores genetic inheritance through genetic crosses and Punnett squares, understanding dominant and recessive traits, and examines inherited disorders, variation, and mutations. The section also includes Darwin's theory of evolution by natural selection, speciation, and the process of selective breeding and genetic engineering, along with associated ethical considerations. Students study evidence for evolution through the fossil record, factors leading to extinction, and evolutionary relationships, helping them understand how traits are passed on and species adapt and evolve over time.
Ecology Exam Content
What's included
Biology specifications on Ecology covers the interactions between organisms and their environment, including key concepts like ecosystems, food chains, and food webs. It examines the roles of producers, consumers, and decomposers in ecosystems, and how energy is transferred through trophic levels. The section addresses biodiversity, factors affecting it, and the importance of maintaining biodiversity for ecosystem stability. Human impacts on ecosystems, such as pollution, deforestation, and climate change, are studied, along with sustainable practices to reduce environmental harm. Additionally, adaptations in plants and animals for survival, as well as methods of sampling and field investigations to study populations, are covered to give students a comprehensive understanding of ecological principles.
Homeostasis Exam Content
What's included
Biology specifications on Homeostasis covers how the body maintains stable internal conditions to ensure optimal function, including the regulation of temperature, blood glucose, and water levels. It explores the nervous and endocrine systems, focusing on their roles in detecting and responding to changes in the environment. Key processes such as reflex actions, hormonal coordination, and the roles of glands like the pancreas and pituitary are examined. The section also covers kidney function in regulating water and waste, alongside the role of negative feedback mechanisms in maintaining homeostasis. Students learn about the importance of homeostasis for health, how these processes interact, and the implications of imbalances on the body.
Biological Organisation Exam Content
What's included
Biology specifications on Biological Organisation covers the levels of organization within living organisms, from cells to tissues, organs, and organ systems, and explores how these structures work together to support life. Key topics include cell structure and specialization, such as the differences between plant and animal cells, and how specialized cells form tissues with specific functions. The section examines the major organ systems, like the digestive, circulatory, and respiratory systems, and their roles in maintaining organism health. Students learn about enzymes and their importance in biological reactions, as well as factors affecting enzyme activity. Additionally, transport mechanisms, such as diffusion, osmosis, and active transport, are covered to show how substances move within and between cells, supporting organism function.
