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Transport in Plants Exam Content
What's included
The Transport in Plants section of Biology specifications covers how water, minerals, and organic substances move through plants. It includes the structure and function of xylem and phloem, the processes of transpiration and translocation, and the role of cohesion-tension and root pressure in water movement. The section also explores adaptations of different plants to water availability, including xerophytes and hydrophytes, and factors affecting transpiration rates such as temperature, humidity, and wind.
Transport in Animals Exam Content
What's included
The Transport in Animals section of Biology specifications covers the structure and function of the circulatory system, including open and closed circulatory systems and single vs. double circulation. It includes the structure of the heart, cardiac cycle, and control of heart rate. The role of blood vessels (arteries, veins, and capillaries) and the composition of blood, including red and white blood cells, platelets, and plasma, are also covered. Additionally, it explores oxygen transport via haemoglobin and the Bohr effect, as well as the transport of carbon dioxide in the blood.
Gas Exchange Surfaces Exam Content
What's included
The Gas Exchange Surfaces section of Biology specifications covers how organisms exchange gases efficiently. It includes the adaptations of gas exchange surfaces, such as a large surface area, thin barriers for diffusion, and maintaining a concentration gradient. The section explores gas exchange in different organisms, including the structure and function of the human respiratory system, insect tracheal systems, and fish gills. It also covers ventilation mechanisms in mammals, how gases like oxygen and carbon dioxide are transported, and factors affecting gas exchange efficiency.
